¹ See www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Disability/SRDisabilities/Pages/SupportingTheAutonomyOlder Persons.aspx.
² United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables, Working Paper No. ESA/P/WP/248 (2017).
³ Promoting Inclusion through Social Protection: Report on the World Social Situation 2018 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.17.IV.2), p. 47.
⁴ Ibid., p. 48.
⁵ Ibid.; and Mark Priestley and Parvaneh Rabiee, “Same difference? Older people’s organisations and disability issues”, Disability & Society, vol. 17, No. 6 (2002), pp. 597–611.
⁶ Ania Zbyszewska, “An intersectional approach to age discrimination in the European Union: bridging dignity and distribution”, in Discrimination and Labour Law: Comparative and Conceptual Perspectives in the EU and Beyond, Mia Ronnmar and Ann Numhauser-Henning, eds. (Kluwer, 2015), pp. 141–163.
⁷ Age Reference Group on Equality and Human Rights, “Age and … multiple discrimination and older people”, discussion paper, October 2005. Available at www.ageuk.org.uk/Documents/enGB/For-professionals/Research/Age%20and%20Multiple%20Discrimination%20(2005)_pro.pdf? dtrk=true
⁸ Robert Kane, Reinhard Priester and Dean Neumann, “Does disparity in the way disabled older adults are treated imply ageism?”, Gerontologist, vol. 47, No. 3 (June 2007), pp. 271–279.
⁹ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, general recommendation No. 27 (2010) on older women and the protection of their human rights.
¹⁰ Vicki Freedman, Douglas A. Wolf and Brenda C. Spillman, “Disability-free life expectancy over 30 years: a growing female disadvantage in the US population”, American Journal of Public Health, vol. 106, No. 6 (June 2016), pp. 1079–1085; Elina Nihtilä and Pekka Martikainen, “Institutionalization of older adults after the death of a spouse”, American Journal of Public Health, vol. 98, No. 7 (July 2008), pp. 1228–1234; and Pekka Martikainen and others, “Gender, living arrangements, and social circumstances as determinants of entry into and exit from longterm institutional care at older ages: a 6-year follow-up study of older Finns”, Gerontologist, vol. 49, No. 1 (February 2009), pp. 34–45.
¹¹ Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 6 (1995) on the economic, social and cultural rights of older persons; and Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, general recommendation No. 27.
¹² See www.upr-info.org/database/statistics/
¹³ Francisco Bariffi and Francesco Seatzu, “La convención de la OEA sobre los derechos de las personas mayores y la ratificación del modelo de toma de decisiones con apoyos”, Revista Latinoamericana en Discapacidad, Sociedad y Derechos Humanos, vol. 3, No. 1 (2019), pp. 89−119.
¹⁴ Nena Georgantzi, “The challenges in implementing and monitoring the Agenda 2030 and SDGs 3 and 10 from an old age perspective”, in Falling through the Cracks: Exposing Inequalities in the EU and Beyond, Sylvia Beales, George Gelber and Tanja Gohlert, eds. (2019), p. 86.
¹⁵ Mark Priestley, “Adults only: disability, social policy and the life course”, Journal of Social Policy, vol. 29, No. 3 (July 2000), pp. 421–439.
¹⁶ Håkan Jönson and Annika Larsson, “The exclusion of older people in disability activism and policies – a case of inadvertent ageism?”, Journal of Aging Studies, vol. 23, No. 1 (January 2009), pp. 69–77.
¹⁷ John Macnicol, Age Discrimination: An Historical and Contemporary Analysis (Cambridge, United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 308.
¹⁸ Ibid.
¹⁹ Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Normative standards in international human rights law in relation to older persons”, analytical outcome paper, 2012, pp. 9–11.
²⁰ Zhanlian Feng and others, “Growth of racial and ethnic minorities in US nursing homes driven by demographics and possible disparities in options”, Health Affairs, vol. 30, No. 7 (July 2011), pp. 1358–1365.
²¹ Phillip Sheppard and Sarah Polack, Missing Millions: How Older People with Disabilities are Excluded from Humanitarian Response (London, HelpAge International, 2018).
²² Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, general recommendation No. 27, para. 27.
²³ Titti Mattsson, „Age, vulnerability and disability“, in Ageing, Ageism and the Law: European Perspec-tives on the Rights of Older Persons, Israel Doron und Nena Georgantzi, Hrsg. (Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018), S. 37–49.
²⁴ World Health Organization, “Risk factors for elder abuse”, Violence Info. Available at apps.who.int/violence-info/studies/.
²⁵ Xin Qi Dong, “Elder abuse: systematic review and implications for practice”, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol. 63, No. 6 (June 2015), pp. 1214–1238.
²⁶ World Health Organization, “Elder abuse: the health sector role in prevention and response”, 2016.
²⁷ Xin Qi Dong, Ruijia Chen and Melissa A. Simon, “Elder abuse and dementia: a review of the research and health policy”, Health Affairs, vol. 33, No. 4 (April 2014), pp. 642–649.
²⁸ Elizabeth Bloemen and others, “Trends in reporting of abuse and neglect to long term care ombudsmen: data from the national ombudsman reporting system from 2006 to 2013”, Geriatric Nursing, vol. 36, No. 4 (July–August 2015), pp. 281–283; and Britt-Inger Saveman and others, “Elder abuse in residential settings in Sweden”, Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, vol. 10, Nos. 1–2 (1999), pp. 43–60.
²⁹ Human Rights Watch, “They Want Docile”: How Nursing Homes in the United States Overmedicate People with Dementia (United States, Human Rights Watch, 2018).
³⁰ Bianca Fileborn, “Sexual assault and justice for older women: a critical review of the literature”, Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, vol. 18, No. 5 (December 2017), pp. 496–507.
³¹ Promoting Inclusion through Social Protection: Report on the World Social Situation 2018, p. 47.
³² Lara Pivodic and others, “Palliative care service use in four European countries: a cross-national retrospective study via representative networks of general practitioners”, PLOS ONE, vol. 8, No. 12 (December 2013).
³³ Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, general comment No. 6 (2018) on equality and non-discrimination, Ziff. 17.
³⁴ Ibid.
³⁵ Constitutional Court of Spain, Second Chamber, A.R.S. v. the Community of Madrid, Amparo Case No. 2699-2016, Judgment No. 3/2018, 22 January 2018, published in document BOE-A-2018-2459, 21 February 2018.
³⁶ Roger Mackett, “Improving accessibility for older people – investing in a valuable asset”, Journal of Transport & Health, vol. 2, No. 1 (March 2015), pp. 5–13.
³⁷ Björn Slaug and others, “Improved housing accessibility for older people in Sweden and Germany: short-term costs and long-term gains”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 14, No. 9 (September 2017).
³⁸ Althea Gordon and others, Guidelines for the Development of Dementia-Friendly Communities (Alzheimer’s Australia WA, 2016).