¹ See Convention on the Rights of the Child, art. 1, and United Nations System-wide Action Plan on Youth Report (2014), p. 5. Available from www.unyouthswap.org/system/refinery/resources/ 2014/10/15/20_42_35_106_UN_Youth_SWAP_Report_2014.pdf.
² World Health Organization (WHO) and World Bank, World Report on Disability (Geneva, 2011), p. 27. Available from www.who.int/disabilities/world_report/2011/en.
³ WHO and World Bank, World Report on Disability, p. 28.
⁴ C. Cappa, N. Petrowski and J. Njelesani, “Navigating the landscape of child disability measurement: a review of available data collection instruments”, ALTER, European Journal of Disability Research, vol. 9, No. 4 (October-December 2015).
⁵ WHO and World Bank, World Report on Disability, p. 36.
⁶ The State of the World’s Children: Children with Disabilities (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.13.XX.1), p. 1. Available from www.unicef.org/sowc2013/files/
SWCR2013_ENG_Lo_res_24_Apr_2013.pdf.
⁸ United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), “Children and young people with disabilities”, fact sheet, May 2013, p. 19. Available from www.unicef.org/disabilities/files/Factsheet_A5__Web_NEW.pdf.
⁸ See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 22 (2016) on the right to sexual and reproductive health, paras. 11-21.
⁹ Ibid., para. 5; E/CN.4/2004/49, paras. 22-40.
¹⁰ See Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, general comment No. 3 (2016) on women and girls with disabilities, para. 27.
¹¹ See Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 14 (2013) on the right of a child to his or her best interests taken as a primary consideration, para. 54.
¹² See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 22, paras. 2, 8-9, 16, 19-20, 24 and 30.
¹³ See Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 20 (2016) on the implementation of the rights of the child during adolescence, paras. 31-32, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women and Committee on the Rights of the Child, joint general recommendation No. 31/general comment No. 18 on harmful practices, paras. 9 and 88, Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 15 (2013) on the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health, paras. 1, 5, 8, 15, 22 and 114 (b), Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 13 (2011) on the right of the child to freedom from all forms of violence, paras. 8, 15 (a), 16, 21 (e), 23, 41 (a), 43 (a) (ii), 47 (a) (i), 48, 54 (b), 56, 60, 72 (g) and 75 (a), and Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 3 (2003) on HIV/AIDS and the rights of the child, paras. 6, 9, 17, 21 and 37.
¹⁴ Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), “OHCHR commissioned report: gender stereotyping as a human rights violation”, October 2013. Available from www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/.../2013-Gender-Stereotyping-as-HR-Violation.doc.
¹⁵ M. Ballan, “Parental perspectives of communication about sexuality in families of children with autism spectrum disorders”, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, vol. 42, No. 5 (May 2012); A. Dupras and H. Dionne, “The concern of parents regarding the sexuality of their child with a mild intellectual disability”, Sexologies, vol. 23, No. 4 (October-December 2014).
¹⁶ See Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, general comment No. 3, para. 30.
¹⁷ E. Brunnberg, M. L. Boström and M. Berglund, “Sexuality of 15/16-year-old girls and boys with and without modest disabilities”, Sexuality and Disability, vol. 27, No. 3 (September 2009); A. C. B. Maia, “Vivência da sexualidad a partir do relato de pessoas com deficiência intellectual”, Psicologia em Estudo, vol. 21, No. 1 (2016).
¹⁸ See Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, general comment No. 3, para. 17 (e).
¹⁹ M. M. Cheng and J. R. Udry, “Sexual behaviors of physically disabled adolescents in the United States”, Journal of Adolescent Health, vol. 31, No. 1 (July 2002).
²⁰ S. Altundağ and N. Ç. Çalbayram, “Teaching menstrual care skills to intellectually disabled female students”, Journal of Clinical Nursing, vol. 25, Nos. 13-14 (July 2016); M. Á. A. Rodríguez, A. A. Díaz and B. A. Martínez, “Eficacia de un programa de educación sexual en jóvenes con discapacidad intellectual”, Análisis y Modificación De Conducta, vol. 32, No. 142 (2006); J. Duh, “Sexual knowledge of Taiwanese adolescents with and without visual impairments”, Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness, vol. 94, No. 6 (2000).
²¹ K. F. Linton and H. A. Rueda, “Dating and sexuality among minority adolescents with disabilities: an application of sociocultural theory”, Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, vol. 25, No. 2 (January 2015); J. A. McKenzie, “Disabled people in rural South Africa talk about sexuality”, Culture, Health and Sexuality, vol. 15, No. 3 (2013).
²² P. Chappell, “How Zulu-speaking youth with physical and visual disabilities understand love and relationships in constructing their sexual identities”, Culture, Health and Sexuality, vol. 16, No. 9 (2014).
²³ Inter-Agency Support Group on Indigenous Peoples’ Issues, “Thematic paper on sexual and reproductive health and rights of indigenous peoples”, 2014.
²⁴ L. Löfgren-Mårtenson, “The invisibility of young homosexual women and men with intellectual disabilities”, Sexuality and Disability, vol. 27, No. 1 (March 2009).
²⁵ T. Alemu and M. Fantahun, “Sexual and reproductive health status and related problems of young people with disabilities in selected associations of people with disability”, Ethiopian Medical Journal, vol. 49, No. 2 (April 2011); A. Jahoda and J. Pownall, “Sexual understanding, sources of information and social networks; the reports of young people with intellectual disabilities and their non-disabled peers”, Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, vol. 58, No. 5 (May 2014).
²⁶ C. Alquati Bisol, T. M. Sperb and G. Moreno-Black, “Focus groups with deaf and hearing youths in Brazil: improving a questionnaire on sexual behavior and HIV/AIDS”, Qualitative Health Research, vol. 18, No. 4 (April 2008); C. Krupa and S. Esmail, “Sexual health education for children with visual impairments: talking about sex is not enough”, Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness, vol. 104, No. 6 (2010).
²⁷ A. Lafferty, R. McConkey and A. Simpson, “Reducing the barriers to relationships and sexuality education for persons with intellectual disabilities”, Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, vol. 16, No. 1 (March 2012); S. Mall and L. Swartz, “Attitudes toward condom education amongst educators for deaf and hard-of-hearing adolescents in South Africa”, African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine, vol. 6, No. 1 (August 2014).
²⁸ Handicap International, “Disability in humanitarian context: views from affected people and field organisations”, Study — 2015, Advocacy (2015), p. 9. Available from www.handicap-international.org.uk/sites/uk/files/documents/files/2015-07-study-disability-in-humanitarian-context-handicap-international.pdf.
²⁹ F. Williams, G. Scott and A. McKechanie, “Sexual health services and support: the views of younger adults with intellectual disability”, Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, vol. 39, No. 2 (2014).
³⁰ OHCHR, “Realisation of the equal enjoyment of the right to education by every girl” (2017), p. 12. Available from www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Women/WRGS/ReportGirlsEqualRightEducation.pdf.
³¹ U. Agarwal and S. Muralidhar, “A situational analysis of sexual and reproductive health issues in physically challenged people, attending a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi”, Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, vol. 37, No. 2 (July-December 2016); J. B. Munymana, V. R.
³² T. J. Aderemi, M. Mac-Seing, S. A. Woreta and K. A. Mati, “Predictors of voluntary HIV counselling and testing services utilization among people with disabilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia”, AIDS Care, vol. 26, No. 12 (2014); Y. Bat-Chava, D. Martin and J. G. Kosciw, “Barriers to HIV/AIDS knowledge and prevention among deaf and hard-of-hearing people”, AIDS Care, vol. 17, No. 5 (July 2005).
³³ Open Society Foundations, Human Rights Watch, Women with Disabilities Australia and International Disability Alliance, “Sterilization of women and girls with disabilities: a briefing paper” (November 2011). Available from www.opensocietyfoundations.org/publications/
sterilization-women-and-girls-disabilities-0.
³⁴ L. Servais, R. Leach, D. Jacques and J. P. Roussaux, “Sterilisation of intellectually disabled women”, European Psychiatry, vol. 19, No. 7 (November 2004); L. Lennerhed, “Sterilisation on eugenic grounds in Europe in the 1930s: news in 1997 but why?”, Reproductive Health Matters, vol. 5, No. 10 (November 1997).
³⁵ See Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, arts. 5, 12, 23 and 25, Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, general comment No. 3, paras. 10, 32, 44 and 45, Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 22, para. 30, Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 20, para. 31, Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 13, para. 23, CEDAW/C/CZE/CO/5, paras. 34-35, 37 and 42, CEDAW/C/AUL/CO/7, paras. 35 and 43, A/63/175, paras. 40-41 and 70-76, A/HRC/22/53, para. 48, A/67/227, para. 28, A/HRC/32/32, para. 94, and OHCHR, the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Population Fund, UNICEF and WHO, Eliminating forced, coercive and otherwise involuntary sterilization: an interagency statement (WHO, Geneva, 2014). Available from www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/201405_sterilization_en.pdf.
³⁶ See the concluding observations of the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in relation to the reports of Argentina, Australia, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Cook Islands, Croatia, Czechia, China, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Germany, Honduras, Hungary, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Jordan, Kenya, Lithuania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, New Zealand, Peru, Portugal, Qatar, the Republic of Korea, the Republic of Moldova, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Thailand, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uruguay and the European Union.
³⁷ See, for example, the Constitutional Court of Colombia, sentence C-182 of 13 April 2016, and the Constitutional Court of Spain, sentence 215/1994 of 14 July 1994.
³⁸ OHCHR, et al., Eliminating forced, coercive and otherwise involuntary sterilization: an interagency statement, p. 6.
³⁹ H. M. J. Van Schrojenstein Lantman-de Valk, F. Rook and M. A. Maaskant, “The use of contraception by women with intellectual disabilities,” Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, vol. 55, No. 4 (April 2011).
⁴⁰ M. McCarthy, “‘I have the jab so I can’t be blamed for getting pregnant’: contraception and women with learning disabilities”, Women’s Studies International Forum, vol. 32, No. 3 (May-June 2009); M. Morad, I. Kandel and J. Merrick, “Residential care centers for persons with intellectual disability in Israel: trends in contraception methods 1999-2006”, Medical Science Monitor, vol. 15, No. 6 (June 2009).
⁴¹ J. O’Connor, “Literature review on provision of appropriate and accessible support to people with an intellectual disability who are experiencing crisis pregnancy”, National Disability Authority (Údarás Náisúnta Míchumais). Available from crisispregnancy.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Literature-Review-on-Provision-of-Appropriate-and-AccessibleSupport-to-People-with-an-Intellectual-Disability-who-areExperiencing-Crisis-Pregnancy.pdf.
⁴² L. Lin, J. Lin, C. M. Chu and L. Chen “Caregiver attitudes to gynaecological health of women with intellectual disability”, Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, vol. 36, No. 3 (September 2011); A. Albanese and N. Hopper, “Suppression of menstruation in adolescents with severe learning disabilities”, Archives of Disease in Childhood, vol. 92, No. 7 (July 2007).
⁴³ A. Pollock, N. Fost and D. Allen, “Growth attenuation therapy: practice and perspectives of paediatric endocrinologists”, Archives of Disease in Childhood, vol. 100, No. 12 (December 2015); N. Kerruish, “Growth attenuation therapy: views of parents of children with profound cognitive impairment”, Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, vol. 25, No. 1 (January 2016).
⁴⁴ See Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 13, para. 61.
⁴⁵ E. Shrestha, A. Singh, B. Maya and P. Koyu, Uncovered realities: Exploring experiences of child marriage among children with disabilities (Plan International Norway, 2017).
⁴⁶ See CRPD/C/GAB/CO/1, paras. 40-41, CRPD/C/KEN/CO/1, paras. 33-34, CRPD/C/ETH/CO/1, paras. 39-40 and CRPD/C/UGA/CO/1, paras. 34-35.
⁴⁷ E. A. Davies and A. C. Jones, “Risk factors in child sexual abuse”, Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, vol. 20, No. 3 (April 2013); K. M. Devries, N. Kyegombe, M. Zuurmond, J. Parkes, J. C. Child, E. J. Walakira, et al., “Violence against primary school children with disabilities in Uganda: a cross-sectional study”, BMC Public Health, vol. 14, No. 1 (September 2014); I. Hershkowitz, M. E. Lamb and D. Horowitz, “Victimization of children with disabilities”, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, vol. 77, No. 4 (October 2007).
⁴⁸ Lisa Jones, et al., “Prevalence and risk of violence against children with disabilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies”, The Lancet, vol. 380, No. 9845 (July 2012).
⁴⁹ E. Brunnberg, et al., “Sexuality of 15/16-year-old girls and boys with and without modest disabilities”; S. J. Caldas and M. L. Bensy, “The sexual maltreatment of students with disabilities in American school settings”, Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, vol. 23, No. 4 (2014).
⁵⁰ S. L. Martin, N. Ray, D. Sotres-Alvarez, L. L. Kupper, K. E. Moracco, P. A. Dickens, et al., “Physical and sexual assault of women with disabilities”, Violence Against Women, vol. 12, No. 9 (September 2006).
⁵¹ I. Hershkowitz, et al., “Victimization of children with disabilities”.
⁵² B. L. Bottoms, K. L. Nysse-Carris, T. Harris and K. Tyda, “Jurors’ perceptions of adolescent sexual assault victims who have intellectual disabilities”, Law and Human Behavior, vol. 27, No. 2 (April 2003).
⁵³ See Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, general comment No. 3, para. 52, and Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 12 (2009) on the right of the child to be heard, paras. 32-34.
⁵⁴ See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 22, para. 44, Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 15, para. 31, and A/54/38/Rev.1, para. 14.
⁵⁵ Ministry of Health and Social Protection of Colombia, resolution 1904, 31 May 2017.
⁵⁶ See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 22, para. 17.
⁵⁷ Ibid., para. 24.
⁵⁸ See Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, art. 25.
⁵⁹ J. Duh, “Sexual knowledge of Taiwanese adolescents with and without visual impairments”; S. Altundağ and N. Ç. Çalbayram, “Teaching menstrual care skills to intellectually disabled female students”.
⁶⁰ WHO, Sexual and reproductive health core competencies in primary health care (Geneva, 2011).
⁶¹ K. Clatos and M. Asare, “Sexuality education intervention for parents of children with disabilities: a pilot training program”, American Journal of Health Studies, vol. 31, No. 3 (June 2016); G. Yildiz and A. Cavkaytar, “Effectiveness of a sexual education program for mothers of young adults.
⁶² See Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, art. 16.
⁶³ See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 22, para. 64
⁶⁴ See Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, general comment No. 2 (2014) on article 9: accessibility, para. 40.
⁶⁴ See Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, general comment No. 2 (2014) on article 9: accessibility, para. 40.
⁶⁵ See Illinois Imagines, “Materials — toolkit and other material”. Available from www.icasa.org/index.aspx?PageID=1045
⁶⁶ Plan International, “Guidelines for consulting with children and young people with disabilities”. Available from https://plan-international.org/publications/guidelines-consulting-children-and-young-people-disabilities.
⁶⁷ See Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, art. 31.
⁶⁸ S. Hellum Braathen, P. Rohleder and G. Azalde, “Sexual and reproductive health and rights of girls with disabilities: a review of the literature”, SINTEF Technology and Society, 2017. Available from www.sintef.no/globalassets/sintef-teknologi-og-samfunn/en-sintef-teknologi-og-samfunn/2017-00083_report-sintef-uel-literature-review-srhr-girls-disability-with-appendices.pdf.
⁶⁹ UNICEF, “A new way to measure child functioning”. Available from https://data.unicef.org/
topic/child-disability/module-on-child-functioning.
⁷⁰ The Demographic and Health Surveys Program of the United States Agency for International Development has recently developed a new disability module based on the Washington Group on Disability Statistics’ short set of questions, which can be inserted into household questionnaires to collect data on disability for all persons in the household aged 5 and above. Available from http://dhsprogram.com/Who-We-Are/News-Room/Collaboration-yields-new-disability-questionnaire-module.cfm.
⁷¹ See Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 19 (2016) on public budgeting for the realization of children’s rights, paras. 28-33.